On 27 april 1897 Lake St Lucia was declared a game reserve. The conservation area was a 35,000 hectare lake with a 1km strip of land surrounding the lake. At a later stage other conservation areas were added. On 1 december 1999 unesco declared the lake and adjacent coastal areas a world heritage site. The 328 000 hectare reserve was south africa’s first world heritage site and encompasses 5 five major ecological zones.
Lake St. Lucia is the largest marine lake in Africa and is connected by the sea in the South by 21 km of winding channels called the Wetland Narrows. It then opens up to the main lake that is approximately 40km long and the width is between 100 metres and 21km wide. The average depth is about 1 metre and the expanse of water is about 300sq km.
It is estimated that over a hundred different species of fish utilize the St Lucia estuary as a nursery, but use the sea as the maternity ward or spawning area. Annual spawning occurs between April and August.
The oldest living species on the planet, the Coelacanth, is found in deep water off the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. The Coelacanth was thought to be long extinct, but in 1938 the first specimen was found along the eastern coast of Africa. It has now become known that Coelacanths live in the underwater canyons offshore of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. Scientists are trying to research these creatures and obtain an understanding of the number of these fish, their locations and habitats. They are also interested in finding out if the population of coelacanths living in these waters are resident and are breeding. Information found will feed the Greater St Lucia Wetalnd Park Coelacanth Management plan so that the species can be conserved and protected as part of the World Heritage Site.
The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park supports approximately 367 different bird species in 11 major habitats. There are only a few places in Africa that support such a concentration of bird life. About one third of the species are waterside birds. St. Lucia has the only breeding colony in South Africa of the pink backed pelican. Flocks of flamingo’s and pelican make homes on the islands when the plankton levels are high.